Jason Leopold has posted a new article at Truthout, describing how an “experimental, Army mental-health, fitness initiative” called Comprehensive Soldier Fitness (CSF) is drawing criticism from civil rights groups and rank-and-file soldiers by testing military personnel for “spiritual fitness.”
CSF appears to be the brainchild of Brig. Gen. Rhonda Cornum and Dr. Martin Seligman, the psychologist who developed the theories of “learned helplessness” and “learned optimism.” Jane Mayer, Scott Shane, and others have connected Seligman to talks at San Diego’s SERE school in May 2002, where he discussed, in Seligman’s own words, “how American troops and American personnel could use what is known about learned helplessness and related findings to resist torture and evade successful interrogation by their captors.” Notorious SERE/CIA interrogator-psychologists James Mitchell and Bruce Jessen were present at the Seligman talk. Former Air Force Colonel Steve Kleinman told Jane Mayer that he knew Mitchell for years, and “learned helplessness was his whole paradigm.”
According to Jason Leopold, five months prior to the May 2002 SERE lecture:
… Seligman hosted a meeting at his house that was attended by Mitchell, along with the CIA’s then-Director of Behavioral Science Research, Kirk Hubbard, and an Israeli intelligence agent. Seligman has claimed he was totally unaware his theory on Learned Helplessness was being used against detainees after 9/11 and denied ever engaging in discussions about the Bush administration’s torture program with Mitchell, Jessen, or any other government official.
But Seligman’s SERE days appear to be behind him, and he has repackaged himself as “Dr. Happy.” His new “learned optimism” theories, supposedly sold in program format (for millions of dollars) to the Army as a way to reduce PTSD and suicide rates, are instead packaging conformist and religious ideologies in the name of resiliency “fitness” for the Army.
CSF examines “spiritual fitness” with questions like “I am a spiritual person, my life has lasting meaning, I believe that in some way my life is closely connected to all humanity and all the world.” One soldier tested last month told Truthout that he was labeled “spiritually unfit” because he answered the “not like me at all” box. As a result, the Army has told him he “may lack a sense of meaning or purpose in his life.” Presumably, like other soldiers with low spirituality scores, he’ll have to attend remedial courses and “be forced to participate in exercises that use religious imagery to ‘train’ soldiers up to a satisfactory level of spirituality.”
According to the Truthout article, the Military Religious Freedom Foundation (MRFF) has sent letters to the Army demanding it “immediately cease and desist administering the ‘spiritual’ portion of the CSF test.
The fact the Army is enforcing religious ideology upon soldiers is already outrageous enough, but the piquant irony by which the primary theorist of the program is also one of the primary theorists behind the use of certain techniques to break down and torture people, and whose theories were used by DoD/CIA psychologists to devise a diabolical torture program, well… one’s head could spin for days processing the internal contradictions. But that’s America today, a torturing country that uses huckster psychology to promote ersatz spirituality in soldiers sent to invade foreign countries for the purpose of selling arms and controlling oil and gas supplies.
What’s next? Will atheism be pronounced a new form of “material support to terrorism”? Will Elmer Gantry replace Robert Gates as next Secretary of Defense? Gates has been President Obama’s Secretary of Defense nearly as long now as he served as same in the administration of George W. Bush.
Truly, nothing can be considered strange anymore.



60 Comments

Jeff, incredibly grateful you (and Marcy too) have given this story attention. I have a FOIA request out to DOD/Army about how all of this was developed. The contract with Seligman is interesting though. It shows that he copyrighted the Penn materials in 2008, the same time he started talking to Casey about adapting this for the Army. So the Army said they needed to license the materials and that was going to cost quite a bit. Don’t know if that’s unusual. It’s all very strange, this positive psychology movement.
Tch and the muslims think we’re waging a holy war…
They give us too much credit…
After a decade we’re still trying to get our soldiers up to the requisite level of fanatacism for it to be called a holy war.
Jason, I’m really glad you took this up, and you wrote a superlative article.
Did you see this Dec. 2009 article by former APA official Bryant Welch, Vets with PTSD: When Johnny Comes Marching Home Again–Tell Him to ‘Think Positively’?
More there to read in former APA-insider Welch’s column.
Link to Marcy’s article on this, Excluding Atheists from the Military Just as You Let Gays Openly Serve
Jeff, thanks for linking to that Welch article. I did not see it. I did update my story earlier this afternoon and included a quote from him contained in his column on Fort Hood and how the Army basically wasted $125 million.
“But that’s America today, a torturing country that uses huckster psychology to promote ersatz spirituality in soldiers sent to invade foreign countries for the purpose of selling arms and controlling oil and gas supplies.”
Great sentence.
Will atheism be pronounced a new form of “material support to terrorism”?
I wonder what army psychiatrist Nidal Malik Hasan’s thoughts are?
Snark on//”I suppose the ice pick lobotomy guys thought they had a really hot product to sell too.”//Snark off.
Did America’s christians get this idea of a spiritual litmus test from the Taliban?
I think it’s called projection. The U.S. projects on others what it is doing itself.
Yes. When I was in the Navy in the eighties, I was openly mocked by a Chaplain who encouraged two company’s worth of recruits to ridicule me, all because I said I was atheist. This isn’t a new phenomenon though they may be applying it differently now. My guess? Obama will embrace it and defend it so that Rick Warren will finally really, really like him.
The immediate issuing of “Gott Mit Uns” belt buckles and offically swapping “The Army Goes Rolling Along” for “Onward Christian Soldiers” is in order. :)
Re: “The fact the Army is enforcing religious ideology upon soldiers is already outrageous enough . . .”
From personal experience, it is my bias that this is the primary role of military chaplains: to impress upon combatants that not only does their god say it is OK to kill the enemies of the state, but also that he insists upon it.
While the idea of the army ‘encouraging’ spirituality is disturbing, as a mental health professional it is entirely appropriate to assess sprituality and any larger meaning a person places on their life. These existential questions are at the heart of a good deal of depression and anxiety, especially when dealing with losses(such as fellow soldiers). The questions they asked are not about one religion over another, but are about a persons ability to see a purpose beyond themselves, which has been shown to be protective against a wide range of mental health problems. If the military is attempting to decrease the suicide rate and improve mental health overall, this question needs to be asked. As to the overall approach of this program, that is a different issue entirely.
The MIC is a money pit and soldiers are grist.
Part of what the military might be up against is rising levels of loss of faith by combatants—the same faith that previously steeled their spirits and convictions when they signed that “contract” that wasn’t worth the paper it was printed on. The axiom that there are no atheists in foxholes is challenged for a great many by the reality of combat. Christianity, for example, teaches that the good are rewarded, the evil punished, there is a reason for life, and a divine plan. The random, murderous horror show that is war puts the lie to “all that.” So what’s an army to do?
Beat me to the compliment. :) Indeed.
I know you meant it as snark, but you make a good point. And they did think they had a “hot product” to “sell.” The reputation of psychology as a discipline ready to sell its services to any bidder is alas only too true… not of everyone, but the higher up you go in psych circles, the truer it is.
http://www.americanhumanist.org/who_we_are/about_humanism/I_Was_an_Atheist_in_a_Foxhole
Just a bit from a great song:
Sung, believe it or not, on the Tonight show in 1964
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSuSWZUYHmg&feature=related
You all do know this song, don’t you?
“. . .my life has lasting meaning,
I believe that in some way my life is closely connected to all humanity and all the world”
Isn’t it ironic that the Army demands qualities that are opposite to its ethos:
that your life as a soldier is subordinate to the mission, and
that you must hate and kill the designated enemy and any innocent people in the immediate area.
So much for “lasting meaning” and “connected to humanity!”
I am a clinician, and I will, when appropriate, ask a client if they have religious beliefs, or if they have a spiritual outlook. If they do or they don’t, whether they believe in Scientology or Roman Catholicism or Islam or Hinduism or Protestant evangelism or Reform Judaism or Sufisim, it doesn’t matter to me. Nor if they have no belief, or eschew the idea of spiritualism.
You are right that the meanings that a person places on their life and their work and their place in the world is of high significance, but it is another thing entirely for a state power to make value assessments of these meanings, or indeed, of whether they fit some definition of “spirituality”. A hard materialist may deny any notion of spirituality and yet be far more moral than someone who claims to be filled with the spirit, say, of the Holy Ghost, or of some tantric plane.
No one who is not of a Christian religion or an atheist in this country will not see in what the government is doing a veiled, and sometimes, explicit attempt by the government here to enforce a particular religious outlook. It is reprehensible that they do this in the name of helping treat PTSD, when it is this same government that lies people into war and creates the PTSD to begin with.
Major General Smedley Butler, USMC, 1939:
–from “War Is A Racket”
http://www.lexrex.com/enlightened/articles/warisaracket.htm
“The reputation of psychology as a discipline ready to sell its services to any bidder is alas only too true… not of everyone, but the higher up you go in psych circles, the truer it is.”.
This is the sad sad “collateral damage.” Simply horrifying. And do not look to Congress. HP has a brief on the incoming House Armed Services Committee that is equally shocking as to the mission of our armies. Link, hope it works.>
Another try on the Link to the HP article.
I agree. I read this article and the truthout article very skeptically because I thought it’d be a case of atheist pearl-clutching but it is not. This is terrible. Given the military’s history and the orientation of some of it’s executive management, I don’t trust them for one second determining a soldier’s “spiritual fitness”–that phrase itself approaches offensive. The other very sore spot to me is that Seligman still has his license and is still receiving US taxpayer money.
Thanks for highlighting this, Jeff Kaye.
This is just so sick, words fail me.
Seligman is a shanda (Yiddish word for disgrace).
Obama has ordered (afterall he is the Commander in Chief) that another 1400 combat Marines be sent to Afghanistan ASAP. That’s in addition to the 30,000 he’s already surged in. And the 45,000 that he originally sent over to Afganistan who apparently weren’t getting the job done(whatever that job is). 60% of the American public wants the illegal, pre-emptive war and occupation in Afghanistan to end. And end today. Which one supposes means that “we the people” be damned. The oligarchy has made its decision concerning the war in Afghanistan. Obama is executing their orders. And “we the people” need only acquiesce and follow their lead as our troops carry out their duty murdering innocent people while thinking spiritual thoughts. Peace
Harpers May 2009: Petraeus endorses a manifesto which makes the case that there is a necessity for religion, preferably Christian, for a properly functioning military unit. A detractor has said of Patraeus that he’s promoting “this unconstitutional Christian exceptionalism at precisely the time we’re fighting Islamic fundamentalists who are telling their soldiers that America is waging a modern-day crusade. (Of course, the detractor’s counter argument is being called “satanic” and “demonic.” by the supporters of the ‘manifesto.’)
The assumption of the those behind the CSF seems to be that possessing a larger meaning to life is achieved through religious faith. However, part of the problem in getting to the bottom of what they are after is that the question (“I am a spiritual person, my life has lasting meaning, I believe that in some way my life is closely connected to all humanity and all the world.”) potentially conflates theism, the existence of a soul and religion in general with what might be quite materialistic or humanistic beliefs. The latter part of the question could include almost anything at all (e.g. belief in the invisible hand of a free market within a system of rapacious capitalism). One might believe in the meaningful interconnectedness of all living things without laying the purpose and meaning of life at the feet of god, as this bit from Ecclesiastes suggests:
“For that which befalleth the sons of men befalleth beasts; even one thing befalleth them: as the one dieth, so dieth the other; yea, they have all one breath; so that a man hath no preeminence above a beast: for all is vanity.”
Or, the last part of the question does not necessarily negate nihilism.
Did they write the question in this way to be inclusive, to be coercive, to rig the outcomes, or . . . ? It is a vague, broad question open to all kinds of interpretation. If the goal was to gather hard data, this question is poorly written. If the goal is to inculcate combatants with religious faith that might make them “better” soldiers, then the broadness of the question may help accomplish this by casting a very large net.
Just like Michael Welner (see Jeff Kaye’s post, ‘Dr. Welner Defends His Testimony in Khadr Trial, Spreads Administration Propaganda on Detainee “Recidivism”,’ Dec. 28, 2010, link: http://my.firedoglake.com/valtin/2010/12/28/dr-welner-defends-his-testimony-in-khadr-trial-spreads-administration-propaganda-on-detainee-recidivism ), why does Martin Seligman still have a licence to practice? Same question for the Torture Lawyers (see (link: http://www.velvetrevolution.us/torture_lawyers/index.php )– why do they still have a license to practice law?
It’s not just the money that was wasted at Fort Hood. There is this unintended (or intended?) consequence.
http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/military/article/Fort-Hood-soldier-suicides-at-record-level-665915.php
This is more and more becoming a battle between the sons of light and the sons of darkness. Or between good and evil, negative and positive forces, etc. It’s really not about my God being badder than your God. It’s about the manipulation of what’s true and what’s false. A call to arms to the faithfully brainwashed. Peace
The sentence left out opening and expanding markets for the illegal drug trade.
Indeed.
Reading your post and the associated spiritual fitness, fear and control potential of the CSF called to mind the scene in “Cool Hand Luke” where a thunderstorm breaks out and Luke challenges that whole ball of wax:
Dragline: Knock it off, Luke. You can’t talk about Him that way.
Luke: Are you still believin’ in that big bearded Boss up there? You think he’s watchin’ us?
Dragline: Get in here. Ain’t ya scared? Ain’t ya scared of dyin’?
Luke: Dyin’? Boy, he can have this little life any time he wants to. Do ya hear that? Are ya hearin’ it? Come on. You’re welcome to it, ol’ timer. Let me know you’re up there. Come on. Love me, hate me, kill me, anything. Just let me know it.
[He looks around]
Luke: I’m just standin’ in the rain talkin’ to myself.
Does this mean if a draft is reimplemented, all athiests and unbelievers will be declared 4F and excempt from military duty? Don’t think the pope and the born-again lobby will be happy with that.
Some things just don’t change. First thing that came to mind was Arlo Guthrie’s “Alice’s Restaurant Massacree” (1967):
“I went over to the sergeant, said, “Sergeant, you got a lot a damn gall to ask me if I’ve rehabilitated myself, I mean, I mean, I mean that just, I’m sittin’ here on the bench, I mean I’m sittin here on the Group W bench ’cause you want to know if I’m moral enough join the army, burn women, kids, houses and villages after bein’ a litterbug.” He looked at me and said, “Kid, we don’t like your kind, and we’re gonna send you fingerprints off to Washington.”
Ha. Yeah, this should rank up there with “Peace is our profession.”
The essential prerequisite in conditioning one’s mind to put a bullet in someone else is to strip them of their humanity and value. It’s the part of military training that never quite makes it into the civilian consciousness.
Thanks for staying on top of this issue, Jeff.
In other news, are they still evangelizing cadets at the Air Force Academy?
Torture docs are disconnected to humanity. How could such a person be connected to assessing spirituality?
Thanks for the follow-up and additional information Jeff.
The oligarchy only wants the fittest of minds. Those who already agree with their worldly positions and are willing to be paid handsomely to never change their minds. Peace
Poem from the First World War era:
God heard the rival nations sing and shout,
“Gott strafe England!” “God save the King!”
God this, God that, and God the other thing.
“Good God”, said God, “I’ve got my work cut out.”
I doubt it, and very few things have truly been convincingly “shown” on any topic in psychology. Evidential standards in psychology tend to be unacceptably low by the standards of other scientific fields; indeed, much of psychology – even academically respectable psychology – borders on pseudoscience, and some of it clearly crosses the line.
Now, we have to act in the world even on very imperfect evidence, so I largely support the efforts of psychologists to do what they can with what they have. But psychologists are generally in no position to get up on their high horses about what has been “shown” to be true.
The whole idea that “a purpose beyond themselves” is essential to psychological health is itself a religious belief. How carefully have psychologists really looked at people who have tried hard to find a purpose within themselves? Comparing “spiritual” people to those who have formulated no life plan at all fails the laugh test.
Absolutely, and there is a long and disgraceful history of deception and self-deception along these lines. It is almost a cliché for those pushing a particular religion within a secular society to veil their efforts in a fraudulent cloak of generalized “spirituality”. Alcoholics Anonymous has been doing this for decades.
Cross-posted from the tail-end of the commentary on Marcy Wheeler’s article:
Thanks likewise for uncovering yet another way in which religion is subverting science and secular civilization. I hope that you (and Marcy Wheeler and Jeff Kaye) will keep digging; I’m convinced that far more remains to be discovered along these lines. Seligman is not the only “positive thinking” psychologist whose work emits the stench of covert religious influence like a dead rat in a living room wall. Although I have not done the research to confirm it, I got a similar impression from Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (Flow: the psychology of optimal experience, 1990; the name is pronounced “chick sent me high”, by the way) and David G. Myers (The pursuit of happiness, 1992).
Came across this archive yesterday while reading Wilfred Owen:
http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/ww1lit
It is argued, and born out by history, that when people are unhappy they overcome their unhappiness either by behaving as aggressively as possible or by clinging to a fixed moral code (think religion.) Thus, your battle.
The rising levels of loss of faith by combatants serving in the U.S. military is potentially the most important element in the U.S. wars beginning with the Vietnam “conflict”. The most advanced weapons and technology, extensive military intelligence network, and highly trained servicemembers are of little avail if there is no genuine esprit de corps.
World War One was sold to the people as the war to end all wars, and it was Christian nations fighting against Christian nations. World War Two was sold to people as the war to make the world safe for democracy, and again it was Christians fighting Christians. The current World War is the continuing cold war of diplomacy and covert operations, and in effect it is the war to make the world safe for empire, secrecy, hypocrisy and corporatism. It is the power elite fighting the non-elite.
The Crusades were motivated to a large extent by zealous religious fervor in the name of God. The Islamic jihads are motivated to a large extent by zealous religious fervor in the name of Allah. Recent wars by the U.S. in the name of the people and paid for by the people are motivated by the greed of the power elite.
The Positive Psychology Program is an example of societal conditioning to enshrine the values of power, wealth and prestige, all based on ambition and greed, to achieve happiness. The U.S. Constitution only guarantees the pursuit of happiness, and the people have to achieve it for themselves. Paradoxically, if you seek happiness, you cannot find it. Happiness happens on its own. Does “Spiritual Fitness” a/ka/ happiness infringe of the rights codified in the U.S. Constitution’s separation of church and state?
The definition, measurement and testing of something called “Spiritual Fitness” are a telling indication of the intellectual and spiritual bankruptcy of the initiative. Genuine spirituality is not mere intellectual knowledge or belief; rather, it is direct, immediate (unmediated), existential being.
The U.S. military authorities have good reason to fear combat against an enemy motivated by religious feelings that give them an indomitable spirit to willingly fight to the death. Such feelings can make every enemy combatant potentially a so-called suicide bomber. The mistake of the U.S. military experts is to try and produce the same effect by ego-based psychology, Western psychology, scientific psychology, that can not accept the concept of pure consciousness, consciousness without an object.
If the U.S. military authorities truly want to reduce the incidence of servicemember PTSD and suicides, they should cease and desist from spiritually meaningless and purposeless aggression, violence, conflicts, invasions, occupations, battles and wars around the globe. Service in the offensive military of empire is a crazy-making occupation.
Collecting this sort of data is obnoxious. What’s likely to be repugnant is which of it the government selects to use in formal evaluations of service personnel, such as determining that a “prior mental state” precluded an earned promotion or kept a mentally wounded service member from receiving VA benefits.
Thanks for the link. This generation is having to relearn the full extent of the horror of theocratic fascism.
Actually, there’s a lot to be said for a program that says you’re not fit to serve in the U.S. Imperial Army unless you believe in magical thinking.
Thanks so much, Sebastos. I will likely have a follow up once the FOIA response comes through, depending on what is in the documents. Also, Seligman’s work on positive psychology is based on y Csikszentmihalyi’s earlier work and some in the field have accused Seligman of basically stealing the idea.
Author Franklin Merrill-Wolff attempted to introduce the notion of “Consciousness Without an Object” into western thought back in the early seventies. It is a difficult notion to accept from the point of view that we are material creatures and that it takes a “brain” to be cognizant of Being.
His assertion “All things exist as objects and only so.” sort of works against an idealization of Being as something transcendent — beyond the material plane.
Objectifying spirituality, as cultures do, creates a meta-physical infrastructure to which adherents pledge allegiance. Such abdication is “blown out” in a further exercise in self development but is nonetheless a continuation of the ego.
Unfortunately for us, our egos are all vulnerable to manipulation whether from ethereal, subjective influences such as philosophy, language, and religion, or by the behavior-inducing pursuit of biological continuity.
“Kill or be killed” is an extreme example of this kind of mental coercion which dooms cultures to perpetual conflict. Sadly, “awareness of being” only transfers the onus of survival from the biological domain to the domain of thought.
What role does Nature play in thought?
Is it simply the “law of the jungle” or is it “enlightened self-interest”? Folks like to have the freedom to choose, but thinking that it is the same as “free will” is to fall into the trap of ego’s exclusive self-cognizance.
“Thus, finally, it is seen that man is his own creator”.
Subject, of course, to the “laws of necessity”. Or, in the case of unbridled deception, the machinations of men-do.
Thanks for a thoughtful post. I’ll think about it for awhile. Ditto goes for person1597.
Your 6th paragraph makes me think of the completely ignored, and therefore never learned, lesson of Vietnam: The Vietnamese wanted to win more than the US, and all the firepower and technology in the US arsenal couldn’t change that reality. Reminds me of the Ho Chi Minh comment about how, “You will kill 10 of our men, and we will kill 1 of yours, and in the end it will be you who tire of it.” Or, “As long as you have bullets and bombs, we’ve got bodies.” The requisite dehumanization of the “other” coupled with American Exceptionalism make this a tough reality to appreciate.
Just a side note: in biomedicine, “CSF” stands for “cerebrospinal fluid”.
Way back to Jason @ 1 and a theme that runs throughout …
Yup, the whole “positive psychology” is a marketing coup and planned as such from the beginning. Barb Ehrenreich covers it pursuasively with much color in “Bright Sided.”
That’s why Seligman copyrighted the materials and the DOD had to buy the rights for the “program.” That’s part of Seligman’s business model. I guess his real genius is figuring out what will really sell … first “learned helplessness” and once that got all tapped out, the next big thing: “learned optimism.”
It’s not psychology (anymore), it’s just business. Patients beware.
And no matter what you say about psychology and science and any tenuous relationship between the two, none of this has anything to do with any science (or even psychology for that matter?). No, it’s all purely business.
It’s very disturbing. And shocking that our government ‘buys’ this crap. And using this mumbo jumbo to pretend to prevent PTSD when they do all they can to refuse to treat PTSD even after mindbending multiple deployments??? Just disgusting.
Thanks, Jason. Thanks, Jeff. Excellent work all around.
Media buzz alert: Keith Olbermann’s Countdown had a segment on CSF and spiritual fitness tonight. Jason Leopold’s article was credited as having alerted the mass media to this issue, and Keith interviewed a representative of MRFF who said that they would sue to get this program stopped!
Thank you, Sebastos! And thank you so much for your insight into this program. It has been incredibly helpful to me. Seligman, by the way, has responded to my report. We will publish his response along with a response by me tomorrow.
Jason, I hope you caught my comments over at EW’s. You need to cross check your info with the Faith Based Initiative. This research may have been funded on some level through that as well. The quote in your article EW pulled out from Cornum is full of Faith Based Initiative language/buzz words.
Excellent, Jason, I’m really looking forward to reading the updates.
Keith (or Rachel Maddow) ought to interview you directly!
You’re welcome. I’ve compared my experience as an ex-fundamentalist – I’m the only child of a Methodist minister who was a career Air Force chaplain – to Captain Picard’s experience as a survivor of the Borg Collective. I’m assuming you saw my autobiographical comment (Sebastos @ 65) on Marcy Wheeler’s “Excluding atheists from the military just as you let gays openly serve”. I’m delighted to see a serious journalist catch the optimism-religion-torture axis with its pants down. I’m sure there’s enough material here for at least one book, and you would be doing the world a great favor by writing it.